A primer on ecosystem restoration

This article will serve as a brief primer on ecosystem restoration through rewilding for conservation ecology. Here we explore the basics and discuss a few of its potential pitfalls.

Rewilding is a conservation approach that focuses on restoring and protecting natural processes and wilderness areas. The concept of rewilding began in the 1980s. It focused initially on single large areas of wilderness protected against human activity. The present understanding involves several different approaches. Some of these are more focused on several smaller protected areas often connected by wildlife “corridors.”

Creating wildlife corridors or connectivity between fragmented habitats allows species to move freely, promoting genetic diversity and aiding in the adaptation to environmental changes. By restoring natural processes and habitats, rewilding aims to increase biodiversity and strengthen the resilience of ecosystems to environmental challenges.

The goal of rewilding independent of strategy is to restore ecosystems through the protection and sometimes reintroduction of species and ecosystems, allowing them to function without human intervention. This can take the face of remediation of previously used pasture or agricultural land, to the protection of old, established ecosystems This article will serve as a basic introduction to the concept. Here, we will discuss the basic concepts of rewilding more specific issues, and examples will be explored in future posts.

The reservation and subsequent deforestation of forest for pasture land impact biodiversity.

The impacts of deforestation on biodiversity are huge

The impacts of grazing cattle, and the deforestation for use as pasture land on native ecosystems are enormous

Large-scale ecosystem restoration, such as rewilding projects, aim to restore and reconnect large ecosystems, allowing for the natural movement of species and the re-establishment of ecological processes. In some cases, this can also involve reintroducing species that were once native to an area but became locally extinct, including apex predators, herbivores, or keystone species. Efforts are made to restore and protect natural habitats, promoting native vegetation while allowing ecosystems to self-regulate. The idea is that reducing activities such as logging, hunting, and intensive agriculture in designated rewilding areas helps to create a more balanced and resilient ecosystem. Area de Conservacion Guanacaste in Northwestern Costa Rica, is one such effort which has reclaimed over 125,000 ha since its inception in 1978.

Creeks and streams provide much needed resources for biodiversity

Reclaimed agriculture land restored in varied stages of succession, this was once active farmland

A reclaimed agriculture land restored to forest in advanced succession, showing the capacity of rewilding at restoring ecosystems

Rewilded areas can provide a whole host of benefits to the surrounding human communities. Intact ecosystems provide essential services such as water purification, carbon sequestration, and climate regulation. They also provide opportunities for jobs, education and recreation, allowing people to connect with nature and understand the value of healthy ecosystems. Successful rewilding projects involve local communities, garnering their support and involvement in conservation efforts. This can lead to a sense of shared responsibility for the environment.

Old homesteads on previously used agriculture land provide a great space for research stations

Employing local communities in the management and responsible use of lands provides economic incentive to changing old ways from agriculture to conservation

Old homesteads on previously used agriculture land provide a great space for research stations

The concept of rewilding holds much promise regarding the restoration of ecosystems and biodiversity. However, it also faces several challenges and potential pitfalls.

Rewilding efforts often face pushback from local communities, which may rely on the land for more traditional uses. Conflicts often arise from the perceived localized economic threats to agriculture, pasture land, or other livelihoods reliant on the space. Public awareness and support are crucial for the success of rewilding projects. Lack of understanding or misconceptions about the goals and benefits of rewilding can hinder community engagement and stifle local political support. Another roadblock is that rewilding is a long-term process, and results may take decades to become apparent. This can make sustaining community interest and political support challenging over extended periods.

Rewilding is a dynamic and evolving concept, and its application can vary depending on the specific goals and characteristics of a given ecosystem. The idea is to strike a balance between human needs and the preservation of biodiversity, ultimately fostering healthier and more resilient natural environments.